A ‘cataract’ is nothing but an eye haziness problem that intensifies gradually due to age when the protein fibers in our eyes accumulate to form a lump for chronic diseases like diabetes or external/internal injuries etc. The cataract layer prevents proper vision as the light cannot get pass through the eyes because of the previously formed lumps.

Cataracts have different types and different stages, varying due to the physiological pattern of human beings. Even if you are pursuing surgery always know what methods you are opting for. An experienced surgeon will always guide you on how to choose the best possible way for your treatment.

The first step in treating a fissure is to keep the affected area clean and dry. This can be achieved by gently washing the area with warm water and mild soap, and then patting it dry with a soft towel. Avoid using harsh soaps or wipes, as they can irritate the skin and make the fissure worse.

To relieve pain and discomfort, over-the-counter painkillers  can be taken. Topical creams and ointments containing local anesthetics or numbing agents can also be used to provide temporary relief. However, it's important to note that these medications only provide symptomatic relief and do not treat the underlying cause of the fissure.

Preventing fissures from developing in the first place is the best course of action. This can be achieved by maintaining good hygiene, avoiding constipation by consuming a high-fiber diet and drinking plenty of water, and avoiding straining during bowel movements. It's also important to avoid prolonged sitting or standing, as this can put pressure on the anal area and contribute to the development of fissures.

Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) surgery:

Lateral internal sphincterotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting the internal anal sphincter muscle to reduce pressure on the fissure and promote healing. This surgery is typically done under general anesthesia. The procedure is usually effective in relieving pain and promoting healing, but there is a risk of incontinence or leakage of stool after the surgery.

Before undergoing fissure surgery, there are certain pre-surgical requirements that need to be fulfilled. These requirements may vary depending on the type of surgery and the healthcare provider's instructions. Here are some common pre-surgical requirements for fissure surgery:

Generally, the types and their treatments include:

1. AGE-RELATED CATARACT- Due to gradual aging and facing blurry vision. In general, the most common method applied for surgery is Phacoemulsification.

2. TRAUMATIC CATARACT- Phacoemulsification is the surgery performed on traumatic cataracts which may form soon after the traumatic event or a span after the traumatic event has taken place. (Post-traumatic)

3. RADIATION CATARACT- Formed due to UV rays. Laser treatment called FLACS (Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery) is one of the solutions that may be applied other than Phacoemulsification.

4. PEDIATRIC CATARACT- Also called ‘Congenital Cataract’, it is found in children.

5.SECONDARY CATARACT-  General procedure like FLACS is used for surgery of secondary cataracts.

Another complex but a known method of cataract surgery is ECS (Extracapsular Cataract Surgery)  which is performed only when Laser or Phacoemulsification is not possible or required.

On www.doctorsapp.in you can know more about doctors providing secure and affordable treatment for cataracts.

There are a number of different types of spine surgery, each of which is designed to address specific issues with the spine. Some of the most common types of spine surgery include:

• Spinal Fusion: This type of surgery is used to fuse two or more vertebrae together, eliminating movement between them. Spinal fusion is often used to treat conditions such as spinal stenosis, herniated discs, and scoliosis.

• Discectomy(spinal decompression surgery): A discectomy is a procedure that involves removing part or all of a herniated disc in the spine. This is typically done to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots and alleviate pain.

• Laminectomy: A laminectomy involves removing a portion of the vertebral bone, called the lamina, to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. This procedure is often used to treat conditions such as spinal stenosis or herniated discs.

• Foraminotomy: A foraminotomy is a procedure that involves widening the opening through which a spinal nerve root exits the spinal canal. This is typically done to relieve pressure on the nerve root and alleviate pain.

• Artificial Disc Replacement surgery: This type of surgery involves removing a damaged or diseased spinal disc and replacing it with an artificial disc. This is often done to treat conditions such as degenerative disc disease or herniated discs.

• Spine surgery is a major procedure that requires careful preparation and planning. Before surgery, the patient will undergo a series of tests and evaluations to determine the best course of action. This may include imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, as well as physical exams and medical history reviews.

• During the surgery itself, the patient will be placed under general anesthesia and the surgeon will make an incision in the back or neck to access the spine. The specific steps of the surgery will depend on the type of procedure being performed, but generally involve removing or altering the affected portion of the spine to alleviate pressure on nerves or the spinal cord.

• After the surgery, the patient will need to stay in the hospital for a period of time to recover. This may include physical therapy and rehabilitation to help the patient regain strength and mobility. It is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully to ensure a full and successful recovery.

1. Pain Relief: Spine surgery can often provide significant relief from chronic pain that has not responded to non-surgical treatments. By correcting underlying structural issues in the spine, such as herniated discs or spinal stenosis, spine surgery can help reduce or eliminate pain.

2. Improved Mobility: Spine surgery can also improve mobility by addressing issues that limit movement or cause weakness in the arms or legs. By restoring normal function to the spine, patients may be able to move more easily and participate in activities that were previously difficult or impossible.

3. Better Quality of Life: Chronic pain and mobility issues related to the spine can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Spine surgery can help alleviate these issues, allowing patients to enjoy a more active and fulfilling lifestyle.

4. Reduced Need for Medications: Pain medications and other treatments can have side effects and be costly over time. By eliminating the need for these treatments, spine surgery can reduce healthcare costs and improve overall well-being.

• Herniated Disc surgery: A herniated disc occurs when the soft, gel-like material inside a spinal disc leaks out and presses on nearby nerves. This can cause pain, weakness, and numbness in the arms or legs. Spine surgery may be recommended if non-surgical treatments, such as physical therapy or medications, have not been effective in alleviating these symptoms.

• Spinal Stenosis surgery: Spinal stenosis is a condition in which the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. This can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the arms or legs. Spine surgery may be recommended for patients with severe spinal stenosis who have not responded to non-surgical treatments.

• Scoliosis correction surgery: Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine curves abnormally to one side. While many cases of scoliosis can be managed with non-surgical treatments, severe cases may require spine surgery to correct the curvature.

• Spinal Tumors: Tumors that grow on or near the spine can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, causing pain, weakness, and other symptoms. Spine surgery may be recommended to remove the tumor and alleviate these symptoms.

• Spinal Trauma: In cases of severe spinal trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation, spine surgery may be necessary to stabilize the spine and prevent further damage.

Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of part (subtotal thyroidectomy) or the entire thyroid gland (total thyroidectomy). The specific extent of the surgery depends on the underlying condition and the surgeon's assessment. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia to ensure the patient's comfort and safety.

Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, including:

• Thyroid Cancer: Thyroidectomy is often the primary treatment for thyroid cancer. It involves removing the affected thyroid lobe or the entire thyroid gland, along with any affected lymph nodes in the neck.

• Benign Thyroid Nodules: Large or symptomatic benign thyroid nodules that cause discomfort or difficulty swallowing may be surgically removed.

• Hyperthyroidism: In cases of hyperthyroidism that do not respond to medication or other treatments, thyroidectomy may be performed to remove the overactive thyroid gland.

• Goiter removal: When the thyroid gland becomes enlarged, causing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swallowing, or speaking, thyroidectomy may be necessary to alleviate these symptoms.

After thyroidectomy, patients are typically observed in the hospital for a day or two to monitor their recovery and ensure that the calcium levels remain stable. Most patients experience mild to moderate pain or discomfort in the neck area, which can be managed with pain medications. The surgeon may prescribe thyroid hormone replacement medication to maintain normal thyroid hormone levels in the body. It is important to follow the post-operative instructions provided by the surgeon, including wound care, activity restrictions, and any necessary dietary modifications.

Regular follow-up visits with the surgeon are crucial after thyroidectomy. These visits allow for monitoring of the surgical site, assessment of hormone levels, and evaluation of overall recovery. Depending on the specific condition, some patients may require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy to maintain normal thyroid function. The dosage and frequency of hormone replacement will be determined by the physician based on blood tests and individual needs.

Total Thyroidectomy:

Procedure, the entire thyroid gland is removed. It is typically performed to treat thyroid cancer, large goiters, Graves' disease, or when there is a high risk of thyroid cancer.

Partial Thyroidectomy/Hemithyroidectomy:

This surgery involves the removal of one lobe (half) of the thyroid gland. It is commonly performed when there is a benign tumor or nodules present in one lobe, or in cases where only one lobe is affected by thyroid cancer.

Subtotal Thyroidectomy:

Also known as near-total thyroidectomy, this procedure involves the removal of almost all of the thyroid gland, leaving a small amount of thyroid tissue behind. It is sometimes performed in cases of large goiters or when there are multiple nodules or tumors in both lobes.

Lobectomy:

Lobectomy involves the removal of a single lobe of the thyroid gland. It is typically performed when there is a solitary thyroid nodule or a suspicious tumor confined to one lobe.

IVF and Emotional Health:

The emotional toll of infertility and IVF can be significant for many couples. The stress and uncertainty of the IVF process can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and frustration. It is important for couples undergoing IVF to seek emotional support from their partners, friends, and family, as well as from mental health professionals who specialize in infertility counseling.

What to expect after embryo transfer:

After an embryo transfer, the woman is typically advised to rest for a short period before going home. The recovery period is usually brief, and most women can resume their daily activities within a day or two. However, it is recommended to avoid strenuous activities and heavy lifting for several days.

During the two-week wait after the embryo transfer, the woman will likely be advised to avoid activities that could increase the risk of infection or harm to the developing embryo. This includes avoiding sexual intercourse and hot tubs or saunas.

The woman may experience some mild cramping or spotting after the embryo transfer, which is normal. However, if the pain is severe or if there is heavy bleeding, she should contact her doctor immediately.

After two weeks, the woman will undergo a pregnancy test to determine if the embryo transfer was successful. If the test is positive, the woman will likely continue to receive care from her fertility specialist until the pregnancy is stable enough to be managed by an obstetrician. This is IVF pregnancy 

If the test is negative, the women can undergo another round of IVF.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of in vitro fertilization (IVF) that is used in cases of male factor infertility, such as low sperm count, poor sperm motility, or abnormal sperm shape. ICSI involves the injection of a single sperm directly into the center of an egg using a microneedle, rather than allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg on its own.

ICSI is typically performed in conjunction with IVF, which involves retrieving eggs from the woman's ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory dish. After the eggs are retrieved, they are placed in a special solution that helps to remove the cells that surround them. The embryologist then selects the best-looking sperm from the semen sample and immobilizes it using a specialized tool.

Using a microneedle, the embryologist then injects the immobilized sperm directly into the center of the egg. After injection, the egg is placed in an incubator to allow fertilization to occur. If successful, the fertilized egg will develop into an embryo and can be transferred back into the woman's uterus.

ICSI is typically performed under local anesthesia and does not require an overnight hospital stay. Most couples will be able to return home on the same day. After the procedure, the woman will be given medication to support the development of the embryo.

The success rates of ICSI vary depending on several factors, including the quality of the eggs and sperm used, the woman's age, and the experience of the fertility clinic. In general, the success rates of ICSI are similar to those of traditional IVF.

ICSI is a safe and effective treatment option for couples struggling with male factor infertility. While it is more invasive and expensive than traditional IVF, it can be a highly effective way to achieve a successful pregnancy and fulfill the dream of parenthood.

Pilonidal Sinus treatment without surgery:

• Antibiotics for pilonidal sinus(cyst): In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to help treat the infection associated with pilonidal sinus. Antibiotics can help reduce inflammation and pain associated with the condition.

• Pain management: Over-the-counter pain medications may help manage the pain associated with pilonidal sinus. Warm compresses may also help relieve pain.

• Hair removal: Pilonidal sinus is often caused by hair follicles becoming trapped under the skin. Removing hair from the affected area can help prevent recurrence of the condition. Hair removal can be done using waxing, shaving, or laser hair removal

Surgical Treatment Options:

• Incision and Drainage: In cases where the pilonidal sinus is not too severe, a minor surgical procedure called incision and drainage may be performed. The surgeon makes a small incision to drain the fluid from the abscess and removes any hair and debris from the affected area.

• Pilonidal sinus Excision and Primary Closure: This surgical option is more invasive and involves removing the pilonidal sinus completely and then closing the wound. This procedure is usually performed under general anesthesia and requires a longer recovery time. It is a more commonly used surgical option. 

• Pilonidal sinus Flap Surgery: This surgical option is recommended for more severe cases of pilonidal sinus. Flap surgery involves removing the affected area and then creating a flap of skin to cover the wound. This procedure has a higher success rate than other surgical options.